Vulnerable Convenience: The Validity of Digital Agreements in Online Lending under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code
Keywords:
Digital Agreement, Online Lending, Electronic ContractAbstract
The rapid development of online lending has transformed the formation of loan agreements from conventional arrangements into electronic contracts. This development raises questions about whether the convenience of electronic contracting continues to satisfy the validity requirements under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. This study aims to examine the validity of digital agreements in online lending by assessing the requirements of consent, legal capacity, a certain subject matter, and a lawful cause. This study employed normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials included the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Financial Services Authority Regulation No. 40 of 2024 concerning Information Technology-Based Joint Funding Services. The materials were analyzed qualitatively through a two-dimensional framework of formal and substantive validity. The study found that electronic mechanisms provide a legal basis for formal validity, particularly in establishing consent and identifying the subject matter of the agreement. However, substantive validity depends on the legal capacity of the parties, the legality of the provider, and the lawful cause of the agreement. The three regulatory instruments therefore operate in a complementary but partially congruent framework.The study contributes a two-dimensional framework for assessing digital loan agreements by connecting general contract validity under Article 1320 with electronic transaction and sector-specific regulations. The framework strengthens theoretical analysis of electronic contracts and provides a practical basis for providers and regulators to ensure that technological convenience is accompanied by substantive legal compliance.
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